Peace treaties, interim agreements and diplomatic processes
A database of 42 items. Not all are peace treaties: each is marked with its exact type and its status today.
What is the difference between the types?
- Peace Peace treaty
- Normalization Normalization
- Interim Interim agreement
- Ceasefire Armistice / disengagement / ceasefire
- Talks Talks without agreement
- Initiative Initiative or proposal
- Framework Framework or declaration
- Event Visit or conference
- Boundary Boundary delimitation only
- Unilateral Unilateral step
- Not in force Signed, never in force
Peace with a neighbour, normalization with a distant state: what is the difference?
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Regional
Israel and Egypt
- 1974The Sinai Disengagement Agreements (1974, 1975)To pull the armies apart after the war and open a path to negotiation.
- 1977Sadat's Visit to JerusalemTo break the psychological barrier and show that an Arab leader and Israel could talk directly and in public.
- 1978The Camp David AccordsTo turn the breakthrough of Sadat's visit into an agreed plan: peace between Egypt and Israel, and autonomy for the Palestinians.
- 1979Egypt–Israel Peace TreatyTo end the state of war between Israel and Egypt: all of Sinai in exchange for full peace.
Israel and Jordan
- 1987The London Agreement (Peres–Hussein)To open Israeli–Jordanian–Palestinian negotiations under the umbrella of an international conference.
- 1994The Washington DeclarationTo declare publicly the end of the state of belligerency and open the way to a full peace treaty.
- 1994Israel–Jordan Peace TreatyTo turn decades of secret contacts into open peace: an agreed border, shared water and full relations.
Israel and the Palestinians
- 1991The Madrid ConferenceTo seat all the parties to the Arab–Israeli conflict at direct talks for the first time.
- 1993Letters of Mutual RecognitionTo turn two sides that refused to recognise each other into formal negotiating partners.
- 1993Oslo I – the Declaration of PrinciplesTo replace confrontation between Israel and the PLO with step-by-step negotiation: temporary Palestinian self-government first, a permanent settlement after.
- 1994The Paris Protocol and the Gaza–Jericho AgreementTo turn the Oslo principles into a first reality on the ground: an Israeli withdrawal from Gaza and Jericho, a Palestinian Authority and a shared economic framework.
- 1995Oslo II – the Interim AgreementTo extend Palestinian self-government from Gaza and Jericho to the towns and villages of the West Bank until a permanent settlement is reached.
- 1997The Hebron Protocol, the Wye River Memorandum and the Sharm el-Sheikh MemorandumTo restart the stalled implementation of the Interim Agreement: a redeployment in Hebron, further redeployments in the West Bank and a timetable for permanent status.
- 2000The Camp David Summit, 2000To reach, in a single summit, a permanent settlement between Israel and the Palestinians on all the core issues.
- 2000The Clinton ParametersTo sketch, weeks before Clinton left office, the outline of a permanent settlement that both sides could accept.
- 2001Taba talksA last-minute attempt to turn the Clinton Parameters into a permanent agreement, two weeks before an Israeli election.
- 2003The RoadmapTo take the two sides out of the Second Intifada and lead them, phase by phase, to a permanent two-state settlement by 2005.
- 2005Disengagement from the Gaza StripTo take the settlements and the army out of the Gaza Strip by Israeli decision, without waiting for negotiations.
- 2007Annapolis conference and the Olmert–Abbas talksTo reach a permanent agreement between Israel and the Palestinians by the end of 2008.
- 2013The Kerry talksTo reach a permanent agreement within nine months, or at least an agreed framework for continuing.
- 2020The Trump plan ("Peace to Prosperity")To set out a US outline for permanent status: Israeli sovereignty over a large part of the West Bank and a demilitarised, conditional Palestinian state in the rest.
- 2025The New York Declaration and the wave of recognitions of the State of PalestineTo rally an international majority behind tangible steps towards a sovereign Palestinian state beside Israel, and to state that Hamas would have no part in it.
- 2025The Gaza ceasefire and the US 20-point planTo stop the war in Gaza, bring the hostages back, and replace Hamas rule in the Strip with a transitional administration under international oversight.
Abraham Accords and normalization
- 2020The Abraham Accords – the framework declarationTo open public relations between Israel and Arab states that had never fought it, without waiting for an Israeli–Palestinian settlement.
- 2020Israel–Bahrain normalization agreementTo establish full diplomatic relations between Israel and a small Gulf kingdom, following the UAE.
- 2020Israel–UAE normalization treatyTo turn quiet contacts between Israel and a Gulf state into full, public relations: embassies, flights, trade and cooperation.
- 2020Sudan and the Abraham AccordsTo move Sudan from hostility toward Israel to official relations, alongside its removal from the list of state sponsors of terrorism.
- 2020Israel–Morocco: resumption of relationsTo resume official relations between Israel and Morocco, cut during the Second Intifada, and to open direct flights and economic cooperation.
Israel and Syria
- 1974Israel–Syria Disengagement AgreementTo stabilise the ceasefire after the 1973 war and move the two armies apart on the Golan Heights.
- 1991Israel–Syria peace talks, 1991–2008To replace the disengagement line on the Golan Heights with a full peace treaty between Israel and Syria.
- 2025Israel–Syria security talks, 2025–2026To reach a security arrangement in southern Syria after the fall of the Assad government and the Israeli army's entry into the area of separation.
Israel and Lebanon
- 1983Israel–Lebanon Agreement of 17 May 1983To end the state of war between Israel and Lebanon and arrange the Israeli army's departure from Lebanon after the 1982 war.
- 2000The withdrawal from Lebanon, the Blue Line and Resolution 1701To set a line against which Israel's departure from Lebanon could be checked and, after the 2006 war, to leave only state and UN forces in southern Lebanon.
- 2022Israel–Lebanon maritime boundary agreementTo set an agreed line in the Mediterranean so that both countries could explore for gas and produce it without risking a clash.
- 2024Israel–Lebanon cessation of hostilities, November 2024To stop the war between Israel and Hezbollah and leave only the forces of the Lebanese state in southern Lebanon.
- 2026Israel–Lebanon–United States Trilateral Framework, 2026To chart a path from a fragile ceasefire to ending the state of war: a phased Israeli withdrawal in return for verified disarmament of weapons not held by the Lebanese state.
Regional and civil initiatives
- 2002Arab Peace InitiativeTo offer Israel a comprehensive deal: withdrawal from the territories occupied in 1967 and a Palestinian state, in return for peace and normal relations with all Arab states.
- 2002The People's Voice – the Ayalon–Nusseibeh Statement of PrinciplesTo put the principles of a permanent-status deal on one page, so that ordinary Israelis and Palestinians could declare their support for them.
- 2003The Geneva InitiativeTo show, article by article, that a full permanent-status agreement between Israel and a Palestinian state can be written.
- 2012Two states in partnership: confederation modelsTo propose a way for two sovereign states to share one space: a border that exists but is more open, and joint institutions for joint matters.
- 2024The Olmert–al-Kidwa proposalTo offer, during the war in Gaza, both a way to end it and the baselines of a two-state agreement.