A short multilateral declaration of principles. It is not a peace treaty and creates no obligations between one state and another; the relations themselves were set out in separate bilateral documents that differ from one another.
In 30 seconds
"The Abraham Accords" is a shared name for several different documents signed since 2020. On 15 September 2020 a general declaration of principles and two bilateral documents, with the United Arab Emirates and with Bahrain, were signed at the White House4. Morocco and Sudan joined later, each on a different track.
Where it stands today
As of October 2026 the framework is active: no state has left it, and relations with the UAE, Bahrain and Morocco continue710. The Declaration itself has no entry-into-force clause, so "in force" here describes the relations built around it. Saudi Arabia has not joined20.
Trump walks along the White House Colonnade with Al Zayani, Netanyahu and Abdullah bin Zayed on the way to the signing ceremony · Official White House Photo by Tia Dufour
In one sentence
To open public relations between Israel and Arab states that had never fought it, without waiting for an Israeli–Palestinian settlement.
The challenge
Until 2020 Israel had peace treaties only with Egypt and Jordan. The Arab Peace Initiative set a different order: first a settlement with the Palestinians, and only then relations with the Arab world.
The UAE and Bahrain had never fought Israel, so there was no land, border or outcome of war to settle between them1. In August 2020 an Israeli intention to apply sovereignty to parts of the West Bank, under the Trump plan, was on the table2.
The road there
Joint statement by Trump, Netanyahu and Mohamed bin Zayed: full normalization between Israel and the UAE, and Israel suspends declaring sovereignty2.
Normalization between Israel and Bahrain is announced3.
White House ceremony: the Declaration, the treaty with the UAE and the declaration with Bahrain are signed4.
Trump announces that Sudan will normalize relations with Israel5.
A joint declaration of Morocco, the United States and Israel is signed in Rabat6.
Sudan signs the Declaration in Khartoum, with the United States; no agreement with Israel is signed57.
Kazakhstan is announced as joining the accords; its foreign ministry confirms the next day8.
Israel recognises Somaliland, and Somaliland's president states its readiness to join the accords9.
Israel and Morocco agree to upgrade their missions to embassies10.
The Declaration speaks of peace based on mutual understanding and coexistence, on human dignity and on freedom, including religious freedom4.
It calls for interfaith dialogue, for cooperation in science, medicine, art and commerce, and for ending radicalization4.
It has no operative clauses: no borders, no security arrangements and no ratification mechanism4. Signing the Declaration is therefore not the same as having an agreement with Israel.
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Layers · Legend
Peace treaty in force
Normalization (Abraham Accords)
Announced, not concluded
Interim agreements, no permanent settlement
Ceasefires and talks, no peace treaty
No relations; Arab Peace Initiative on the table
Classification follows the original research as of 7 Oct 2026. This schematic map is not a legal boundary map or a live update.
Israel
Peace treaty in force
Normalization (Abraham Accords)
Announced, not concluded
Interim agreements, no permanent settlement
Ceasefires and talks, no peace treaty
No relations; Arab Peace Initiative on the table
Schematic map. Lines are approximate and are not a legal determination. Data: Natural Earth (public domain), 1:10m scale; line classification and place names by this site. Lines as of October 2026. Peace map
The hard decisions
Israel agreed to suspend declaring sovereignty, not to cancel it. The commitment appears only in the statement of 13 August 2020, not in the treaty signed afterwards211.
The Palestinian Authority recalled its ambassador from Abu Dhabi, and all the Palestinian factions rejected the move14.
Separate American incentives stood alongside the accords: an arms deal that included F-35 jets for the UAE, which was not completed15; US recognition of Moroccan sovereignty over Western Sahara16; and Sudan's removal from the list of state sponsors of terrorism5.
Where accounts differ
According to The Palestinian leadership and the Palestinian factions
The accords bypassed the Palestinians, departed from the Arab Peace Initiative and gave Israel relations without withdrawal from territory14.
According to The US administration and supporters of the accords
The accords have withstood every test since 2020, and the sceptics were wrong; this is what the US ambassador to the UN said in September 202610.
According to The Middle East Institute (MEI)
The accords stayed intact after 7 October 2023 but were in a state of suspension: no state left, and hardly any new agreements were signed7.
According to The Arab Barometer
Without an independent Palestinian state a "warm peace" has no chance, and the result will resemble the cold peace with Egypt and Jordan17.
What was carried out
Full diplomatic relations were established with the UAE and with Bahrain, and relations with Morocco were resumed at the level of liaison offices76.
Trade between Israel and the UAE reached 3.209 billion dollars in 2025, according to Israel Central Bureau of Statistics data as relayed by the Heritage Foundation, an American think tank that supports the accords18.
What was not
No bilateral agreement was signed with Sudan and no embassies were opened7.
Kazakhstan, which has had relations with Israel since 1992, announced that it was joining819; the site's search found no signed accession document. Somaliland stated its readiness to join9.
Saudi Arabia has not joined. According to a report from July 2026 it makes recognition of Israel conditional on an irreversible path to a Palestinian state20.
What changed in real life
In 2025 there were 1,119,786 passengers from Israel to Dubai and 406,157 to Abu Dhabi, according to the Heritage Foundation's annual report18.
The traffic is almost one-directional: according to the same report, about 700 visitors from the UAE, about 100 from Bahrain and about 1,200 from Morocco entered Israel in 202518.
What remains open
The Palestinian question stayed outside the documents, apart from general wording about resolving the conflict1112.
Public opinion: in Morocco, support for normalization fell from 31% in the 2021–2022 survey to 13% in the 2023–2024 survey, according to the Arab Barometer17.
Who counts as a "member" depends on who is counting. The US State Department publishes the documents of four Arab states4; the Heritage Foundation also counts Egypt, Jordan and Kosovo, which is its own definition18.
Photos, videos and quotes
Ladies and gentlemen, Mr. President, this day is a pivot of history. It heralds a new dawn of peace.
I stand here today to extend a hand of peace and receive a hand of peace.
Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan · Abraham Accords signing ceremony, South Lawn of the White House, 15 September 2020 The minister spoke in Arabic. The official White House transcript marks his remarks "(As interpreted.)" – this is the interpreter's English, not an official UAE translation. The Arabic shown here is the site's translation from the English, not his original words. Quote source: The White House (Trump White House archive, US National Archives)
Today — today is a truly historic occasion, a moment of hope and opportunity for all the peoples of the Middle East.
